Dear readers,

Five memorable months to the day have gone by since Team X had to leave Laos on 18 March prematurely because of the worldwide Corona pandemic.

In our new “Team X” page, we summarize what the members of our team did in Laos during their internships at the Lao-German Technical College (LGTC) and Vocational Education Development Institute (VEDI). We tell you what we learned, whom we taught, and how we felt during our stay in Lao P.D.R. If you are interested in finding out more about our work in “TheLaosExperience“, check out our new team page!

Your Team X

The five of us during Prof. Martin’s visit after our formal team meeting on 24 February…

… and after her goodbye-lunch on 29 February 2020

Text by L. Koch

Photos by B. Khammounty & M. Rehmer

I am Ye Miaoxing, a PhD candidate supervised by professor Martin Isabel.¹ I first wrote to her in August, visited Savannakhet University and met professor Isabel there in October 2019. Subsequently, I applied for a PhD position in Karlsruhe University of Education and got accepted by the Faculty in December.

My plan was to go to Germany in February 2020, and stay there a month and then to stay in Savannakhet University in Laos for four months to carry out my research and collect some data. However, the outbreak of Covid-19 changed my plans and I have been staying at home, a small county town, Hongan 90 miles from Wuhan, for four whole months. In this blog post I am recapitulating my experience during these unforgettable four months.

How it began: 30 December 2019

Two days before the new year, I read a piece of news on Weibo, the Chinese version of Facebook , saying that there were 27 patients infected with unidentified virus. Also, I received a call from my mum, asking me about the current situation and she told me not to go to big shopping malls. The next day, I took out my anti-smog face masks which I bought a year ago.

How the New Year started: 1 January 2020

However, on the first day of 2020, the Wuhan Police Office released the news that statements about the SARS in Wuhan were proven rumours and eight rumormongers were rebuked.

First news: 5 January 2020

Then, a total of 59 cases of viral pneumonia with unknown cause were reported in Wuhan, including 7 severe cases. Preliminary investigations showed no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission and no evidence of infection among medical personnel.

After reading this, I felt relieved since only 59 cases were reported among 11 million residents and also no human-to-human transmission was found. I thought maybe those patients got pneumonia from some animals or food.
Almost every person I know in Wuhan read these statements and that was why most of us did not pay enough attention to self-protection during that phase.

Despite the news: 10 January- 15 January 2020

After finishing my work in the university, I stayed in the campus to apply for a visa to Germany in February and also to talk to the leader of the Personnel Office about my future plan of university work. On 14 January, I went to the German visa center, which took me 40 minutes by subway. I wore a face mask that day, to keep warm instead of preventing the virus. However, in the subway, since there were many people and it was stuffy, I took off my mask.

Then I went to a printer shop, talked to two women there and got some documents. On my way to the visa center, I went to a coffee shop, talked to one waitress and got a cup of latte. In the visa center, I talked to the security guard, two officers and finished the application at 14:00.

Since it was quite early, I went to a cinema and watched a film with two other people in the row before me. After that, it was about 17:00, and I invited one friend for dinner. We went to a big shopping mall, stayed in Uniqol for almost an hour and then went to a Japanese restaurant for a big dinner.
Finally, I took the subway home. Two days later, my dad drove to Wuhan and we went to a bank together. In the bank, most officers there wore masks, but I did not take it seriously at the time. In the evening of 16 January, we finally got home, which is in Hongan, 90 kms away from Wuhan.

More news, first worries: 17 January – 22 January 2020

More and more reports about viral pneumonia with unknown cause were released during these four days. The number of patients and typical symptoms were provided to the public. On 20 January, after visiting and investigating Wuhan, Professor Zhong Nanshan, a pioneer in the battle against SARS in 2003, affirmed the human-to-human transmission and infection among medical personnel in Wuhan and Guangzhou.

He also gave the public three suggestions about precautions: Do not go to Wuhan in the near future. Go to the hospital if having fever. Wear masks. It was then that I and my family realized that it would be dangerous and maybe as serious as SARS. However, this time, the center of epidemic may not be in Beijing and Guangzhou, but in Wuhan and also in my hometown.

What was worse, from 17 January, I and my dad both got a cold. I had tonsil inflammation and a stuffy nose while my dad kept coughing and also had nasal stuffiness. We were both worried about the potential danger that we might take to my mum and some relatives. But since the typical symptom of the new viral pneumonia reported in the news then were fever and breathing difficulty, we comforted ourselves that it was very likely that we were just having a cold. I decided to minimize my contact with others and to see what would happen in 14 days.

Lockdown: 23 January 2020

At 3:00 am of 23 January 2020, the Wuhan government announced that the lockdown of Wuhan would be done at 10:00 am. From 10:00 am, all public transportation, including city buses, subways, ferries and long-distance coaches would be suspended, and outbound channels at airports and railway stations would also been closed until further notice.

Closing a city of more than 11 million people was unprecedented and caused panic among people in Wuhan and outside of Wuhan. It is worth mentioning that 23 January was two days before Chinese New Year. Most people choose to come back to their hometown to get together with their family and have a big dinner the next day to wait for the new year to come. However, this year a great number of people had to face getting stuck in Wuhan or outside Wuhan, away from their family.

On the next day, Chinese New Year’s Eve, Hongan government announced to be under lockdown. I regarded the situation so critical that all my family members should be in self- quarantine for at least 14 days. However, my parents still did not think we would not be that unlucky and they valued the Chinese traditions during spring festival more. They accepted my uncle’s invitation for a lunch with more than 15 people. Strong protest as I did, we still went to my uncle’s, wearing masks.

Spring Festival invitations in lockdown: 24 January 2020

In the evening of Chinese New Year’s Eve, there is a Spring Festival gala every year, consisting of singing, dancing, Chinese sketches, magic shows, and so on. Usually, that night is the most relaxing and enjoyable with family. However, this year even though I was watching the gala with my parents at home, I could not stop reading news on my phone.

A lot of hospitals in Wuhan called for help to the public since they were out of face masks, goggles, and protective clothing. Doctors and nurses wore garbage bags, raincoats and plastic holder to protect themselves from getting infected. Also, numerous people posted blogs on Chinese social media to ask for help. They or their family members had similar symptoms as Covid-19, but the hospital refused to take them since there were not enough wards or medical staff.

I kept swiping my phone, reading posts about Wuhan, Hongan, Covid-19 and the longer I swiped, the more difficult it became for me to sleep. Massive information filled me with anger, sadness, worry, anxiety and guilt. I felt angry because timely and enough support had not been given to hospitals and to citizens.

I felt sad because so many doctors and nurses were fighting against the virus without protection and also because some families in Wuhan were suffering and some of them could do nothing but to wait for the death. I felt worried and anxious because I and my dad came back from Wuhan just a week ago and we both had a cold. What if we got the Covid-19? Will my dad die?
He had been smoking for thirty years and it would be difficult for him to recover if he got infected. What if my mum got infected and will she get treated soon?
I felt guilty because I could not do anything for the people in suffering. Those mixed feelings kept me awake until 4 am and then at 7:30 am, I was woken up by my parents.

Spring Festival: 25 January 2020

On the day of Spring festival, we went to another uncle’s home for the first meal of 2020 in Chinese lunar calendar. Though I refused to go several times, my parents insisted that it was not polite to reject the invitation and since we already had dinner with the same people just a day ago, the additional risk of infection with Covid-19 was low. We had a big and delicious breakfast at my uncle’s home, but the atmosphere was not as cheerful as before.

Since my uncle is a 70-year-old farmer and does not get news as quickly as younger people, my parents told him to stay at home and wear masks if he had to come out to get some food.

After having breakfast, we went back to our home and my parents were reading news on their phone and computer. I felt my heart beat so fast and I felt terrified and nervous since the news said a rapid heartbeat was also a typical symptom of Covid-19. I kept searching for information about that and also chatted with my friends. They suggested me to take a nap and then to see if the rapid heartbeat still continues. I did feel better and relieved after my nap.

Official lockdown: 26 January 2020 – 14 March 2020

On 26 January, the lockdown of Hongan was officially carried out. Quarantine measures were getting stricter and stricter day by day. At first, we were told to stay at home as often as possible and then the buses, taxis and motorbikes were not allowed to go between the downtown and the villages. And in January 30, ordinary motor vehicles were banned from roads from Sunday in Hongan, and only authorized vehicles such as official vehicles and licensed cars to carry supplies were exempt. After two days, all supermarkets and shops were only open to the government and local communities. At last, there were blocks in every intersections and tents were set up for workers and volunteers to ensure 24/7 guard.

As for our daily supplies, community workers and volunteers got orders from residents in their neighborhood, and they went to the supermarket or they ordered groceries from local suppliers and dispatched those to residents. We also received celery, cabbage and pumpkins donated by good-hearted people in other Chinese provinces from Ningxia, Shandong and Hainan.

Worst week: 26 January 2020 – 31 January 2020

These five days might be the longest and most suffering time for me and my family. On the one hand, 30 January 2020 was the end of the 14-day incubation time since the day we went back from Wuhan. On the other, with more reports, we could get a clearer and closer look at situations in Wuhan and the rest of China.

A lot of problems arose such as the lack of medical care for a great deal of patients and suspected patients and the inconvenience of people’s daily life. In those days, I often went to bed late at night. I felt tired all day. Every night I told myself, do not read any reports about the epidemic, but I could not stop. The number of infected patients rose so rapidly that I could not imagine it was reality.

Also, more and more symptoms of Covid-19 were told to the public day by day. At first, typical symptoms were fever and breath difficulties and then cough, chest distress and diarrhoea were reported as well. That made me worry that if I and my parents were infected or not since we both had a cold after coming back from Wuhan.
I measured my temperature whenever I felt uncomfortable. One day I measured ten times since the first time it was 37.2 ℃ which is so close to low fever. I kept reading reports and posts about this epidemic and could not stop imagining the worst scenarios.
What if I and my parents all get the virus and cannot get proper and instant treatment because of the shortage of medical staff and medical supplies. That kind of anxiety and worry makes me dare not to take rest, and I secretly wipe tears in dark evenings.

One day a friend told me “you should pay attention to your mental health.” It was then that I suddenly realized that the lingering fear and despair needs to be released, so I deleted Weibo and tried to be more positive and lead a more peaceful life.

Doing something: 31 January – 14 March 2020

Food
During lockdown, my parents and I tried cooking different styles of cooking. Though we only have limited food, we still produced a variety of delicious dishes, with a few failures as well.

Food made with flour

Chinese dishes

Exercise
My parents and I all agreed that staying at home and keeping healthy are the best ways to fight the virus. Since we cannot go out for a walk, we had to think of ways to keep us fit to better protect us from getting infected. At first, my dad did fast-walking on our balcony for an hour after dinner, I did rope skipping and my mum did yoga.

Then we wanted to play a new sport that all of us could participate. We found rackets for (a Chinese traditional sport)  that my dad bought 12 years ago. The Banyu rackets look like Pingpong rackets but made of wood and the ball is made of feathers and rubber. It does not need a pingpong table and requires less space than badminton, so we decided to give it a try in our flat. We took turns to play and kept this as our after-dinner sport till the end of lockdown.

Banyu

My parents play Banyu

Leisure activities
We found different ways of relaxing on our own. My dad read news every morning and he usually took a nap after lunch and then watched TV series on a laptop on the balcony where he could have sunshine. My mum enjoys playing mahjong, so she downloaded an app for that and invited her friends and relatives to play it together online.

As for me, I took cooking as my relaxing activity, and sometimes posted my dishes on social media. What was more, my parents wanted to make use of the lockdown time and started to learn English online. I downloaded an English- learning app for kindergarten kids and taught them whenever they needed my help or corrections. They started from letter A but they quit at letter F.

English-learning app

1st lockdown lift: 14 March 2020

On 14 March, the lockdown in Hongan was lifted and roadblocks were removed gradually. Careful as I and my mum were, we did not go to public places on the first day but to have an observation of outside on our balcony. After two days, we finally got out of our flat, to breathe the air outside with our masks on.

Travel restrictions were lifted gradually after the end of lockdown. At first, cars were allowed on roads within Hongan but they were  banned on alternate days depending on whether license plates end in odd or even numbers. For those migrant workers who wanted to go back to work in another city or province, they had to apply for an acceptance letter from their company and the neighbourhood committee.

Since we reported our health conditions and contacts on Alipay everyday during the quarantine, we got a “Health QR Code” on it. The codes are in three colours — green, yellow and red — and so restrictions could be imposed accordingly. The green code means people have little chance of having been infected, while people with yellow and red ones must be held under quarantine for a few days and report their health information every day before they are allowed to travel around.
If people wanted to go to another city, they should show their green Health QR Code at checkpoints. As for people without a car or did not want to drive a car for so long, they could apply for point- to- point buses, which would take passengers directly to their destinations, mainly in Guangdong province and Zhejiang province. On 24 March, the first high-speed railway for migrant workers in Hongan left The Hongan West Railway Station with 1133 migrant workers, who were returning to work in Guangdong.

2nd lockdown lift: 8 April 2020

On 8 April, after 76 days, the lockdown in Wuhan was finally lifted. It became a milestone for China in the fight against the COVID-19 outbreak.

At midnight,  at Fuhe toll gate in northern Wuhan, cars honked horns and passed through after barricades were removed. At 6:25 am, the first train left Wuhan for Jingzhou city in Hubei province.  At 7:25 am, the flight MU2527 bound for Sanya, Hainan province, took off from Wuhan Tianhe International Airport.

Testing campaign: 14 May – 2 June 2020

A campaign was launched in Wuhan to have nucleic acid test on all residents for Covid-19 to quickly identify asymptomatic infections and prevent further transmission since 14 May. Residents did not pay for the test and the cost will be carried by municipal and district governments.

On 2 June, the result showed that no confirmed cases after testing 9,899,828 residents. 300 asymptomatic people were identified during the test, with a detection rate of 0.303/10,000. Among those asymptomatic people, there was no cases of transmission to others.

Till then, we could finally say that Wuhan became a safe place again and hopefully we could move on and return to normal life.

My thoughts now

Looking back on the experience, I feel so lucky and blessed that I could spend 48 days of lockdown with my family in our own flat.

We were so lucky that even though I came from the epidemic center, we all stayed healthy and safe.

We were so lucky that even during the difficult time, we still had enough meat which my mum prepared for Spring Festival and my dad managed to get fresh fruit and vegetables when he went out for volunteering work.

We were so lucky to have so many selfless and courageous doctors and nurses who kept working for such a long time even without enough protection at first.

We were so lucky that all community workers and volunteers endured long hours to keep us free from infection.

We were so lucky that we received kind greetings and concerns from people that cared about us.

We were so lucky that we gradually came back to normal life now.

However, the world now is in a terrible state, and numerous people are still suffering. For this moment, however, we just felt lucky to have survived unscathed.

Text & photos by M. Ye, editor’s note by I. Martin

Note

¹ Editor’s note: “`Global English(es)´” in the context of this blog means that contributions by international students are only sparingly edited, to preserve the authenticity of their English(es).

Editor’s note: This is the 8th article in the series “Language education and global citizenship“. Ms Chaeeun Park from Seoul National University of Education was an international student at the University of Education Karlsruhe in the academic year 2018/19. Her majors are elementary school education and English, and she works as a part-time English teacher in “Hagwons” (private tutoring institutions in South Korea with a focus on English).
I asked Ms Chaeeun to introduce the topic of education in South Korea in my “Global English(es) & Global Citizenship Education” class, and the effect of this on her German and international fellow-students was palpabable – the atmosphere in the room thickened, eyes widened, and eyebrows shot up. The Q&A time afterwards went on for longer than usual.
Ms Chaeeun also took several of my other classes and then developed the wish to apply for a place in the Laos project. This, however, will have to be postponed as finishing one’s studies in Korea should be achieved before one gets “too old” (23) – this, and good English skills, increase the chances of a good job.

Another note: “Global English(es)” in the context of this blog means that contributions by international students are only mildly edited, to preserve the authenticity of their English(es).

Ms Chaeeun Park in Bratislava

Having an ability to speak English fluently is considered as an essential skill to be successful in South Korea. The South Korea society believes that in order to compete in the globalized world, it is crucial to have as many English speakers as possible. Thus, it has been more than 30 years that English education has been emphasized over the whole nation. Having an English skill is not only essential for the entry exams for universities, but for seeking jobs. It is a common to write down one’s TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) or TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication) scores in one’s CV.¹ Furthermore, in some cases, the score of one’s English evaluation test can also determine a worker’s promotion.

Consequently, the need to learn and practice English pressures all Koreans from a very young age and lasts throughout one’s entire life. Thus, there is a huge hype to learn English. In South Korea, this phenomenon is coined as an “English Education Fever. ” English Education Fever can be defined as “a national obsession for attaining better English education” (Park, 1). This craze and craving for better education have a very deep-rooted history which can be traced back to the end of Korean War (cf. Trailer “Reach for the Sky” below).

Before the Second World War, Korea peninsula was under the colonization of Japan for over 30 years (1910-1945) . During the Second World War, the “Axis Power” (Germany, Italy, Japan) was defeated, and Japan declared its surrender in 1945, ending the war.  Thus, in 1945, Korea was freed from the control of Japan all of sudden. While the Allies of the war (USA, Soviet Union, China, Great Britain) agreed that Korea peninsula should be an independent country, they all had different ideas about the country’s future. At the Potsdam Conference, (a conference between the USA, the Great Britain, and the Soviet Union) it was decided that the Soviet Union would regime the northern part of Korea while the USA would regime the southern part. Thus, Korea became the victim of the World War Second and the Cold War.

The North communist-Koreans strongly believed that the country should be united and be a whole communist country. Thus, the North communists invaded the non-communist southern Korea in 1950, armed with the Soviet Union tanks. This was the start of the Korean War and over 5 million died during this war – 2,5 million population being the civilians which was 10 % of the pre-war population (cf. History website).   The Korean War (1950-1953)  destroyed everything in Korea. Thus, the tradition hierarchy of people – the royal, middle-class, lower class was destroyed all at once. Every cities, every facilities was destroyed and with a rare exceptions of a few people, namely the politicians, everyone was poor. Traditional hierarchy system did not matter anymore as most of the population struggled to survive famine and poverty.

Due to the collapse of traditional class system and the influence of United States, up until this day, there is a strong belief in South Korea that one can improve his or her life, social status, economic status by one’s own efforts (Park, 1).

Education is seen as the most powerful way to improve one’s life. It is also worth noting that South Korea was occupied by USA after the Korean War, making English the most prominent second language in the nation. English is considered as the most powerful tool for an individual to have. Thus, most Korean parents strongly believe that if their children receive high-quality English education, the lives of their children will be better than their owns. Parents – specifically “tiger Moms” – sacrifice to ensure that their kids listen and speak English as much as possible. Private English education is very common in South Korea and the market of private education is so huge that although there were several attempts by the government to kill those private education markets, none were successful.²

Generally private education can be seen in three categories. First one, Hakwons. Hakwon(학원) is an institute for after school programs. Some Hakwons have more students than the school itself, because students from different schools gather to get after-school help. English is the most popular subject for Hakwons. In most Hakwons, classes are taught by teachers who are native English speakers or who have been abroad in English-speaking countries. Whether the teacher has a degree or certificate of education is not an issue, as long as the teacher’s pronunciation of English sounds like a native English speaker.³

Secondly, there is Gya-wae (과외), which is private tutoring. Lastly, there are English Camps. Students participate in English camps during their school holidays. Students could go to the English Villages in Korea where they hire native English speakers and spend a month with them doing various activities. Or if their parents could support them with enough money, some students go abroad to English speaking countries and spend their school holidays there, or they may stay with relatives who live there for an entire school year.

How common are these private education among students in South Korea? The table below shows the percentage of students who are participating in private education.

Source: KOSIS(통계청), 2020.01.30, http://kostat.go.kr/portal/eng/index.action

Source: KOSIS(통계청), 2020.01.30, http://kostat.go.kr/portal/eng/index.action

In elementary school, 83,5 % of students are participating in private education. In Middle school, 71,4 % of students are participating in private education and in high school 61,0 % of students are participating in private education in the year 2019. Compared to 2018, the number of students participating in the private education have increased slightly in general. Overall, out of the total student population 74,8% of them are participating in private education. (Please note that this is the last statistics, as the government announces all the survey results in March. The statistics of 2019 were announced for March, 2020).

The high rate of private education participation means that students have no time for their hobbies, sports, or any private lives. This might be a huge reason why according to the report, Korea has the lowest percentage of students who agreed or strongly agreed with the statement “I feel happy at school”. Also, it is not a big secret that South Korea has the highest rate of suicidal in the OECD countries.

Source: PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS, OECD 2013, http://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa-2012-results-overview.pdf, 21.

Source: http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150830000310

I would like to end this article with a quote I heard once from a grade 3 student. “I wish I was born in America. Or I wish Korea was so powerful that Korean was the main language of the world. That’d be nice. I feel like we are all English-language victims.”

Perhaps it is time that everyone stopped believing in this myth that fluent English skills would guarantee better lives.

It is time to break away from the belief that “fluent English speakers are well-educated elites ” – and to look after our children.

Text by C. Park, editor’s notes by I. Martin

Photo of Ms Chaeeun by Y. Hyuang; other photos & illustrations by copyright holders (with their kind permission)⁴

Video “Reach for the Sky” (we thank the producers of the video for their kind permission to include the official trailer in this post)

Notes

¹ Test of English as a Forein Language  and Test of English for Internationational Communication are the two most prominent English evaluation tests in Korea.

Editor’s note: In Laos, TOEFL and IELTS  (International English Language Testing System) are the ones students study for, in the hope of scoring highly enough to be able to apply for a grant to do a Master abroad. These three tests, however, do not only test language skills. The cultural assumptions underpinning some of the questions are markedly Western, so that Asian test-takers may get the answer “wrong” although they linguistically understood the question. Examining cultural bias in language tests would be an interesting topic for a doctoral dissertation. 

² Editor’s note: “English as a Foreign Language” and “English Education” (e.g. university degrees from British, American, or Australian universities) have become profitable commodities and multi-billion dollar industries, sometimes employed to neo-colonial effect. This complex topic will be explored in a future article in this series ny Mr Julian Bissinger. For more background cf. Jakob, ch. 5: “Western influence: Foreign teachers”.

³ Editor’s note: Regarding this tenacious, but outdated “Native Speaker Fallacy” (Robert Phillipson, 1992), African and Asian scholars (e.g. Ngugi Wa Th’iongo, 1986, Kumaravadivelu, 2003) have formulated the necessity of decolonizing the teaching of English. An article about the “post-method method” is forthcoming by Ms Selina Stegmeier in this series. 

⁴ Editor’s note: Ms Chaeeun was going to take her own photos of schools and study situations once back in Korea at the beginning of February – only to find herself more or less instantly in lockdown. No regular school life could be photographed since.

References

Park, Jin-Kyu (2009). “English Fever in South Korea: its history and symptoms”. English Today 97 (25/1, March),  1-50.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/english-today/article/english-fever-in-south-korea-its-history-and-symptoms/9BBA3AF0F8D34F57B5CB5D5A48545E77

Online references

History website. https://www.history.com/news/north-south-korea-divided-reasons-facts (last accessed 20 May 2020).

ISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS, OECD 2013. http://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa-2012-results-overview.pdf  (last accessed 20 May 2020).

Jakob, Laura (22 December 2019). “Language education and global citizenship (4) – 30 years of teaching English in East Asia: An Appraisal”.
http://www.thelaosexperience.com/2019/12/22/language-education-and-global-citizenship-4-30-years-of-teaching-english-in-east-asia-an-appraisal-by-l-jakob/ (last accessed 20 May 2020).

Korea Herald. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150830000310 (last accessed 20 May 2020).

Statistics Korea. http://kostat.go.kr/portal/eng/index.action (last accessed 20 May 2020).